Internal and Family Medicine Lecture Topics
- Cardiovascular
Coronary artery disease, lipid disorders
Heart failure, cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias
Valve disorders, aortic aneurysms/dissection
Pericarditis, pericardial effusions/tamponade
Peripheral artery disease, chronic venous insufficiency
Shock
- Dermatology
Skin infections, skin cancer
Dermatitis, psoriasis, erythematous disorders
Ulcers, blistering disorders, burns
- Endocrinology
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer
Pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid disorders
Neuroendocrine tumors and MEN syndromes
- Gastrointestinal
Cirrhosis etiologies and complications
Hepatic tumors, abscesses, and cysts
Biliary disease
Bowel obstruction, IBD, diverticulosis, colon cancer, hernias, hemorrhoids
Peptic ulcers and gastric cancer
GERD and esophageal disorders
Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
Upper and lower GI bleeding
Acute abdomen, appendicitis, spleen pathology
- Gynecology
Breast disorders
Ovarian cysts/neoplasms, endometrial and cervical disorders, menstrual cycle abnormalities
Infertility, contraception, STIs, Turner and androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Hematology
Anemia
Coagulation cascade and platelet disorders
Leukopenia, porphyria, transfusion reactions
- Infectious disease
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Fungal, protozoal, and parasite infections
Infections by organ system and sepsis
Antimicrobials
- Male genitourinary
BPH, prostatitis, prostate cancer, STIs
Varicocele, hydrocele, testicular tumors, Klinefelters
- Musculoskeletal
Bone, muscle, and joint disorders
Lower back pain, brachial/lumbar-sacral plexus lesions
- Neurology
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
Neurodegenerative diseases
Seizures/epilepsy
Headache, brain tumors/abscess, hydrocephalus, increased ICP
Spinal cord injury/syndromes, spinal stenosis, syringomyelia
Multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders
Cranial nerve palsies, peripheral nerve injuries
- Oncology
Solid organ cancers
Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera
- Ophthalmology
Diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy, macular degeneration, optic nerve pathology
Conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, oculomotor nerve pathology, visual field deficits
- Otology
Ear infections, hearing loss, vertigo
- Psychiatry
Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis
Delirium and dementia, alcoholism/substance abuse
- Renal
Chronic kidney disease
Acute kidney injury, glomerular diseases
Nephrolithiasis, incontinence, acute cystitis, pyelonephritis, renal/bladder cancer
Electrolyte disorders
Acid-base disorders
- Respiratory
COPD, asthma
Restrictive lung diseases, sarcoidosis
Respiratory infections and pneumonia
Lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax
- Rheumatology and Immunology
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, SLE
Vasculitis, systemic sclerosis
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, gout/pseudogout, Marfans and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
Gynecology and Obstetrics Lecture Topics
Gynecology
- Breast disorders
- Ovarian cysts and neoplasms
- Endometrial and cervical disorders
- Primary and secondary amenorrhea
- Abnormal uterine bleeding, primary/secondary dysmenorrhea
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperandrogenic states (hirsutism/virilization), precocious puberty
- Infertility
- Contraception and induced abortion
- Incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse
- Sexually transmitted infections, urinary tract infections
Obstetrics
- TORCH infections, diabetes, hypertension
- Miscarriage, recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth
- Third-trimester bleeding and post-partum hemorrhage
- Fetal heart tracings and abnormalities
- Stages of labor, labor complications, premature rupture of membranes
Pediatrics Lecture Topics
- Cardiovascular
Congenital heart disease, cyanotic baby
Rheumatic fever, functional murmurs, cardiomyopathy, valve abnormalities, arrhythmias
- Dermatology
Viral exanthems, skin infections, dermatitis
- Endocrinology
Diabetes
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, neuroblastoma
- Gastrointestinal
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, food intolerance reactions
GI obstruction, ventral wall defects, hernias, biliary atresia
- Genetics
Genetic syndromes
Inborn errors of metabolism
- Growth and development
Growth delay, developmental milestones, precocious/delayed puberty
- Hematology
Anemia, platelet, and coagulation disorders
- Immunology
Allergic reactions and hypersensitivities
Immunodeficiencies
- Infectious diseases
Bacterial infections
Viral, fungal, protozoal, and parasite infections
- Musculoskeletal
Muscle and joint disorders, common injuries
Bone disorders, fractures, scoliosis, bone tumors
- Neonatology
Care of the newborn, respiratory distress, birth trauma
Neonatal jaundice
- Neurology
Congenital malformations, CNS infections, seizures
Movement disorders, cerebral palsy, hereditary ataxias, encephalopathies
Brain tumors and neurocutaneous syndromes
Headaches, head trauma, hydrocephalus, sleep disorders
- Nutrition
Breast feeding, failure to thrive, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, protein-energy malnutrition
- Oncology
Leukemia and lymphoma
- Ophthalmology
Conjunctivitis, cataracts, strabismus, genetic disorders of the eye
- Otology
Otitis media/externa, genetic disorders of hearing loss
- Psychiatry
Intellectual disability, ADHD, behavioral disorders, tic disorders
Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders
- Renal
Renal/bladder/urethral malformations, glomerular diseases, renal tumors and cysts
- Reproductive
Ovarian and testicular masses; torsion and cryptorchidism
Menstrual cycle abnormalities, female genital tract malformations, STIs
- Respiratory
Asthma and lower respiratory tract infections
Upper respiratory tract infections and airway malformations
A1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea
- Rheumatology
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, SLE, RA, vasculitis, Marfans, Ehlers-Danlos, osteogenesis imperfecta
Surgery Lecture Topics
- Anesthesiology and ventilator settings
- Cardiovascular surgery
Shock, valvular disease, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, cardiac contusion, arrhythmias
Thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, subclavian steal, abdominal aortic aneurysm
Coronary artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, renal artery stenosis, intestinal ischemia
Peripheral artery disease, vasculitis, DVT, chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins
- Endocrine surgery
Pituitary adenoma, thyroid masses, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn), pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid tumor
- Gastrointestinal surgery
Bowel obstruction, IBD, diverticulosis, colon cancer, hernias, hemorrhoids
Biliary disease
Cirrhosis etiologies and complications
Hepatic tumors, abscesses, and cysts
Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
Peptic ulcers and gastric cancer
GERD and esophageal disorders
Upper and lower GI bleeding
Acute abdomen, appendicitis, spleen pathology
Obesity surgery
- Gynecological surgery
Breast disorders, ovarian masses
Endometrial and cervical disorders, pelvic organ prolapse
Ovarian torsion, ruptured ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy
- Head and neck surgery
Otitis media, otosclerosis, auricular hematoma, epistaxis, sinus surgery
Deep neck infections, salivary gland disease, oral/pharyngeal/laryngeal cancer, TMJ dysfunction
- Neurosurgery
Traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, herniation syndromes
Carotid/vertebral artery dissection, venous sinus thrombosis, hydrocephalus, brain tumors and abscess
Spinal cord injury/syndromes, spinal stenosis, syringomyelia
Facial nerve palsy, peripheral nerve injuries
- Ophthalmic surgery
Closed/open globe injuries, orbital fractures, cellulitis, chemical burns, eyelid laceration
- Orthopedic surgery
Fractures, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis
Tendinopathies, upper and lower extremity injuries
Degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, vertebral, fractures, ankylosing spondylitis, bone tumors
- Pediatric surgery
Congenital heart defects
GI obstruction, ventral wall defects, hernias, biliary atresia, neuroblastoma
Choanal atresia, cleft lip/palate, congenital neck masses, otitis media, tonsillar surgery
Neural tube defects, primary brain tumors, nerve injuries
Muscle and joint disorders, common injuries
Bone disorders, fractures, scoliosis, bone tumors
Nephroblastoma (Wilms), posterior urethral valves, epispadias/hypospadias, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, testicular torsion, testicular tumors
- Plastic surgery/dermatology
Burns, skin cancer, skin infections
- Preoperative and postoperative management/complications
- Thoracic surgery
Obstructive/restrictive lung disease, pulmonary embolism, atelectasis
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, lung cancer, mediastinal masses
- Transfusion and transplant complications
- Trauma surgery
Airway management, blunt/penetrating trauma, compartment syndromes
- Urologic surgery
Nephrolithiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, upper/lower urinary tract obstruction, incontinence, renal/bladder cancer
BPH, prostate cancer, varicocele, hydrocele, testicular tumors
Step 1/CBSE/COMLEX Lecture Topics
- Biochemistry
DNA structure, synthesis, and repair; transcription and protein synthesis
Cell cycle, cellular structure, collagen synthesis and disorders
Rate-limiting enzymes and cofactors
Glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism; gluconeogenesis
Glycogen synthesis and disorders
Lipid transport, metabolism, and disorders
Insulin and glucagon, fed vs fasted state, energy utilization
TCA cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Amino acids, catecholamine synthesis
Urea cycle, Cahill cycle, hyperammonemia
Inborn errors of metabolism
Genetic terms and syndromes
Nutrition and protein-energy malnutrition
Alcohol metabolism and diseases
- Biostatistics and epidemiology/population health
Clinical trials, risk, diagnostic tests (sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, precision, accuracy), study bias, confounding effects
Incidence and prevalence, statistical distribution, hypothesis testing/testing errors, confidence interval, statistical and clinical significance, statistical tests
Ethics, communication skills, disease prevention, causes of death by age, insurance, medical errors
- Cardiovascular
Embryology, fetal circulation, anatomy/coronary blood supply
Physiology and pharmacology
Congenital heart disease
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, ischemic heart disease
Diagnosis of MI/ECG localization, MI time course/complications, ischemic heart disease treatment, lipid lowering agents
Heart failure, cardiomyopathy
Rheumatic fever, endocarditis, myocarditis
Valve disorders, aortic aneurysms/dissection, traumatic aortic rupture
Tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias
Pericarditis, pericardial effusions/tamponade, cardiac tumors
Peripheral artery disease, chronic venous insufficiency, arteriovenous malformations
Shock
- Dermatology
Skin infections, viral exanthems, skin cancer
Dermatitis, psoriasis, erythematous disorders, drug reactions
Pigmentation disorders, ulcers, blistering disorders, burns, vascular tumors of the skin
- Embryology
Gastrulation, neurulation, errors in morphogenesis
Embryological defects and disease associations
Neural crest derivatives and disease associations
- Emergency medicine
Toxins: antidotes, reversal agents, elimination therapy
- Endocrinology
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, signaling pathways
Diabetes mellitus, insulin, DKA/HHS
Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer
Pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid disorders
SIADH, diabetes insipidus, neuroendocrine tumors and MEN syndromes
- Gastrointestinal
Choanal atresia, esophageal atresia/TE fistula, pyloric stenosis, neonatal jaundice
Intestinal atresia, annular pancreas, malrotation/volvulus, Meckel, intussussception, Hirschsprung
Cirrhosis and liver tumors, Wilson disease, Hemochromatosis
Biliary disease
Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer
Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer
GERD and esophageal disorders
Bowel obstruction, IBD, diverticulosis, colon cancer, hernias
GI infections, fat malabsorption, diarrhea, constipation, anti-emetics
Acute abdomen, appendicitis, spleen pathology
Upper and lower GI bleeding, hemorrhoids
- Gynecology
Oogenesis, menstrual cycle, stages of sexual development, delayed/precocious puberty
Breast disorders
Ovarian cysts and neoplasms, torsion
Primary and secondary amenorrhea, menopause
Abnormal uterine bleeding, primary/secondary dysmenorrhea
Endometrial and cervical disorders
Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperandrogenic states (hirsutism/virilization), precocious puberty
Infertility, contraception, induced abortion
Incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse
Sexually transmitted infections, urinary tract infections
- Hematology
Hematopoiesis, blood groups, hemolytic disease of fetus/newborn, RBC morphologies/inclusions
Anemia
Primary/secondary hemostasis and pathology; antiplatelet/anticoagulant/fibrinolytic drugs
Leukopenia, porphyria, lead/iron toxicity
- Immunology
Immune system organs, cellular components
Antibodies, cytokines, respiratory burst
Immunodeficiency
Hypersensitivity types
Vaccination
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies/cytokines, immunosuppressants
Autoantibodies, transfusion and transplant reactions
- Male genitourinary
Spermatogenesis, stages of sexual development, delayed/precocious puberty, infertility
Cryptorchidism, torsion, varicocele, hydrocele, testicular tumors, Klinefelters
BPH, prostatitis, prostate cancer, STIs, impotence
- Microbiology
Bacterial virulence factors, endotoxins/exotoxins
Staphylococcal diseases
Streptococcal diseases
Other bacterial diseases
HIV, herpes, hepatitis viruses
Other viral diseases
Fungal, protozoal, helminth, ectoparasite infections
Infections by organ system
Antimicrobials
- Musculoskeletal
Skeletal muscle fibers, neuromuscular junction/action potential, prioprioceptors, bone formation
Bone disorders, osteomyelitis, fractures, bone tumors
Muscle and joint disorders, septic arthritis, tendinopathies, upper/lower extremity injuries
Brachial and lumbar-sacral plexus lesions
Degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis
- Neurology
Neuroanatomy and physiology
Cranial nerves, cranial nerve/primitive/clinical reflexes
Congenital malformations, cerebral palsy, hereditary ataxias, encephalopathies
Ischemic stroke
Intracranial hemorrhage, herniation syndromes
Dementia and neurodegenerative diseases
Seizures and epilepsy
Headache, CNS infections/CSF findings, hydrocephalus, increased ICP, venous sinus thrombosis
Multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders
Brain tumors, neurocutaneous syndromes
Spinal cord injury/syndromes, spinal stenosis, syringomyelia
Peripheral nerve injuries
Movement disorders, sleep physiology and disorders, anesthesia, opioids, neuromuscular blockers, muscle relaxants
- Obstetrics
Physiologic changes in pregnancy, twins, teratogens
TORCH infections, diabetes, hypertension
Ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancies, third-trimester bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage
Fetal heart tracings and abnormalities, infections, APGAR score, birth injuries, lactation
- Oncology
Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera, etc.)
Anti-neoplastic drugs, oncologic emergencies (tumor lysis syndrome)
- Ophthalmology
Eye anatomy, refractive errors, genetic disorders of the eye
Diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy, macular degeneration, optic nerve pathology
Conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, oculomotor nerve pathology, visual field deficits, pupillary defects, Horner syndrome
- Otology
Otitis media/externa, hearing loss/diagnosis, genetic disorders of hearing loss
Vertigo and the vestibular system
- Pathology
Ischemia, necrosis, infarction, apoptosis, calcification
Acute/chronic inflammation, neutrophil migration, acute phase reactants, amyloidosis
Arachadonic acid pathway, wound healing/scar formation, granulomas
Hallmarks of cancer, tumor progression, oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, tumor markers
Carcinogens, paraneoplastic syndromes, oncogenic microbes
- Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics, dosing, metabolism and elimination of drugs
Competitive/non-competitive antagonists, partial agonists, therapeutic index, effects of age
Autonomic receptors by organ system, autonomic drugs
Drug reactions by organ systems, cytochrome P-450 interactions
- Psychiatry
Infant and child development, intellectual disability, ADHD, behavioral disorders, tic disorders
Major depressive, bipolar, and psychotic disorders
Anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD, personality disorders, eating disorders
Delirium and dementia, alcoholism/substance abuse
Pharmacology, psychotherapy, psychiatric emergencies
- Renal and urinary
Congenital renal/bladder/urethral malformations, nephroblastoma, renal cysts
Physiology and pharmacology
Electrolyte abnormalities
Acid-base disorders
Acute kidney injury, glomerular diseases
Chronic kidney disease
Nephrolithiasis, incontinence, acute cystitis, pyelonephritis, renal/bladder cancer
- Respiratory
Anatomy, cell types, physiology
Respiratory distress in the newborn, upper airway malformations, pulmonary hypoplasia
Obstructive lung diseases
Cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea
Restrictive lung diseases, sarcoidosis
Respiratory infections and pneumonia
Lung cancer, Pancoast syndrome, pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax
ARDS, cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning, methemoglobinemia
- Rheumatology
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, JIA, SLE, Sjogrens
Vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, Raynaud phenomenon
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, gout/pseudogout, Marfans and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
Step 2
Includes topics covered in Medicine, OB/GYN, Pediatrics, and Surgery. In addition, the following lecture topics will be included:
- Best treatment and treatment algorithms
- Biostatistics and epidemiology/population health/interpretation of medical literature
- Clinical signs and symptoms (classic presentation; triads/tetrads)
- Criteria and scoring systems (JONES, Light, CHADS, CENTOR, CURB, Ranson, etc.)
- Complications of diseases
- Drug side effects and contraindications
- Diagnostic tests (labs, imaging, histology, EEG/EMG, PFTs, etc.)
- Emergency medicine
- Epidemiological clues
- Eponyms of diseases, their technical names, key features
- Etiology
- Iatrogenic damage
- Most common (cause of disease/death, symptom, location, etc.)
- Prevention and drug prophylaxis
- Psychiatry
- Risk factors
- Screening tests and criteria to screen
- Social sciences: legal/ethical issues and professionalism/patient safety
- Syndromes
